Exam Study Guide free essay sample

The degree to which the overview reactions are inside reliable. Cronbach’s alpha: Test-retest unwavering quality: The capacity of a similar instrument to create steady outcomes when utilized a second time under conditions as comparative as conceivable to the first conditions. * Be comfortable with the means in the estimation improvement process (McDaniel’s graph) Slide 3 CH 10. * Know the contrast between a constitutive and operational meaning of a given develop. Slide 4) * Constitutive: equivocalness is an immediate capacity of the disparity between the data accessible to the individual and that which is required for sufficient execution of a job. It is the contrast between a person’s real condition of information and the information that gives sufficient fulfillment of that person’s individual needs and qualities. * Operational: Role vagueness is the measure of vulnerability (going from questionable to sure on a five-point scale) an individual feels with respect to work job obligations and desires from different representatives and clients. 6. To the protest that permitting killing would subvert general trust in medicinal services administrations giving ideal consideration to biting the dust patients, Brock answers: There is no motivation to expect that willful extermination will disintegrate patients trust if just deliberate willful extermination is permitted. 7. Among the moral contemplations identifying with hereditary testing are the accompanying: a. do guardians reserve the option to be educated regarding all the consequences of a hereditary test? b. does an individual reserve an option to have kids who are probably going to be impeded? c. should open assets be utilized to pay for hereditary esting when individuals can't pay? 8. Helpful disinfection is the end of the capacity to deliver posterity if the mother’s life or emotional well-being is at serious risk. 9. With regards to killing, the elusive slant contention is the possibility that it will in the end lead to a reducing of our regard of life. 10. Maltrea tment of laws allowing dynamic willful extermination can be forestalled by doing the accompanying: a. ensure that it is the patient willfully settling on the choice to have it. b. ensure that there is no possibility of recuperation for the patient. c. he quiet should feel that they are not being a weight to their family due to their disease. 11. Among the advantages of hereditary testing are the accompanying: a. improves the lives of the guardians and now and again, the kid b. gives help to guardians who wish to settle on levelheaded choices in regards to their family arranging 12. Moral contemplations with proxy parenthood incorporate the accompanying: a. is it option to request that a proxy mother surrender all rights to an infant she conveyed for nine months? b. potential court fights over guardianship of a youngster imagined outside of marriage. c. uture passionate misery when the youngster discovers that they were purposely detracted from their normal mother. 13. Unprecedented consideration implies when thinking about a senseless patient, one ought to include: B. CPR, mechanical breathing 14. The arrangement of conditions that must be available to decide whether a patient is an irreversible unconsciousness is known as the Harvard Criteria. 15. The consideration given to in critical condition patients that comprise of solace measures and side effect control is alluded to as palliative consideration. 16. The Baby M case is a case of: C. issues experienced because of the utilization of a substitute 7. A barren couple who doesn't wish to receive has the choice of substitute parenthood. 18. While the objective of restorative hereditary mediations is to reestablish the patient to the best condition of wellbeing as could reasonably be expected, the objective of nontherapeutic or upgrade hereditary designing is to enhance an in any case solid body. 19. A reasonable baby is one who can make due after birth. 20. Give instances of standard versus re markable methods utilized in the treatment of in critical condition: customary incorporates treatment that is ethically required, for example, giving liquids and giving solace measures. xtraordinary incorporates techniques and medicines that are ethically disposable, model: giving chemotherapy to a patient who has end stage disease 21. The Karen Ann Quinlan case included: C. expulsion of a respirator from an out cold patient 22. A kind of repayment that permits individuals with terminal sicknesses, for example, AIDS, to acquire cash from their protection strategies by selling them is known as a viatical repayment. 23. The Karen Ann Quinlan case is a case of: C. pulling back treatment 24. What are a portion of the measures to survey personal satisfaction? a. general wellbeing b. physical capacity c. social capacity d. torment e. psychological well-being 25. What estimates does palliative consideration incorporate? a. comfort estimates b. indication control for torment, brevity of breath, bolster treatment, and so forth c. alleviation of agony and enduring d. make the finish of-life period a significant encounter for the patient 26. For what reason did the specialists endeavor to isolate conjoined twins Laden and Laleh Bijani whenever the odds of endurance were clearly exceptionally thin? ecause he was convinced to continue with the activity dependent on clinical proof and the powerful urge of the twins to be isolated; he needed to ensure they had their most obvious opportunity. 27. What are the Kubler-ross’s five phases of biting the dust? 1. Forswearing 2. Outrage 3. Haggling 4. Despondency 5. Acknowledgment 28. Individuals who are against willful exterminatio n offer the accompanying reasons: a. probability of mixed up analysis b. question about how willful a patient’s decision is c. it misshapes the ethical duty of specialists. The job of the specialist is to think about his patients, not to abbreviate their lives. 29. Hereditary advising includes examination and guidance through meeting and conferencing with planned guardians to decide: the danger of giving a hereditary malady to their posterity. 30. A proxy mother is a lady who: a lady who is conveying the ovum of the spouse or another lady who can't conceive an offspring, and the husband’s sperm to in the end birth a youngster they are bound under agreement to surrender the kid during childbirth to the couple they consented to finish this with. Most are paid from $20-25,000 in clinical costs. 31. To the possibility that dynamic willful killing is contradictory with the octor’s moral responsibility to think about patients and secure life, Brock answers: the promise to self assurance and prosperity should be at the focal point of clinical practice, not simply saving life. 32. For Rachels, the qualification among dynamic and uninvolved willful extermination regularly prompts choices concerning life and passing made on the ordinary reg ulation. 33. On the issue of willful extermination, Rachels contends that â€Å"letting die,† or â€Å"doing nothing,† is a type of aloof killing. 34. For James Rachels, the Standard View isn't right. In the event that dynamic willful extermination is here and there reasonable, at that point inactive killing is likewise now and again once in a while allowable.

The Refugee Convention for Limitations - myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Why the displaced person show be changed? 2.How and what effect will the corrected evacuee show have? Answers: Presentation The United Nations Convention related with the remaining of displaced people was shaped in the year 1951. It is famously alluded as The Refugee Convention. It has been made to secure the privileges of individuals who have a danger of abuse in their particular nations. It came without hesitation on 22nd April 1954. The show was framed after the occasions of the lamentable World War II wherein a huge number of individuals had to move inside Europe. Henceforth, constrained relocation appeared because of the disengagement. According to one of the US State Department report it has been perceived as one of the greatest occupant development over the world (Berg, 2011). At first, it was confined to secure European displaced people. Nonetheless, in the year 1967, a convention was discharged with a change which evacuated such limitation and extended its inclusion inferable from worldwide dislodging issue. The Convention plainly states who an evacuee is and all the rights for example legitimate, social and so on that an individual is qualified for from the nations who are a piece of the show. Any individual dwelling outside their base nation and is hesitant to return because of balanced danger of badgering based on race, religion, nationality, enrollment of a specific social gathering or political gathering is considered as an outcast (Nasr, 2016). In any case, the show characterizes a displaced person as well as perceives the individuals who are not entitled for such rights like war hoodlums, any individual who has perpetrated some major non-political wrongdoing or any individual who is discovered guilty of acts restricting the principle of the United Nation. It is the responsibility of the state to shield an individual once the individual has been affirmed as an exile. Nonetheless, constrained transients includes the two evacuees just as individuals who are compelled to move inside t he nation. Obviously, outcasts are a sub class of constrained transient. The universal law doesn't shield inside dislodged individuals. Additionally no help is given to them with no guarantees conceded to a displaced person. A large number of people are moving according to the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) (Joseph, 2016). Be that as it may, the quantity of people relocating inside the nation were practically twofold than outcasts in the late 1990s. Be that as it may, according to article 33 of the said show, the state can't push evacuees to go to a locale where they have a danger of abuse barring the individuals who posture to be a danger to the countrys security or network. This essential guideline is ordinarily alluded as the standard of non-refoulement. Likewise, no punishment can be forced on the displaced people for entering and withdrawing without assent according to Article 31 of the show. Subsequently, the nations who have marked the report can't bind their freedom of development. Exiles have various of rights and yet are additionally subject as far as the upkeep of peace in their particular host nation. Certain rights allowed to displaced people are the privilege to lodging, the privilege to instruction, the option to get to the courts, the option to work, the privilege to opportunity of religion, the option to be given character and travel records. In any case, no such rights are qualified for inside uprooted individu als. Worldwide security and taking care of critical issues of evacuees is the essential duty of United Nation High Commissioner for displaced people (UNHCR). All inclusive, 142 nations generally called as state parties have consented to the report in arrangement with both the Refugee Convention just as its Protocol. In any case, United States of America is among the three nations which have endorsed to the Protocol while there are two different nations supporting the show. Non-segregation, non-penalisation, and non-refoulement are not many of the essential standards administering the said Convention. The 1951 Convention indicates three strong answers for outcasts: to come back to their own nation willfully (deliberate repatriation); to coordinate in the nation where they get themselves (neighborhood mix); or to resettle in another nation (third nation resettlement) (Koser, 2015). Among all the nations, Australia has been principal benefactor for movement of exiles. Its seaward philanthropic program is generally mainstream and generally welcomed all inclusive. 1. As expressed over, The Refugee Convention, a multi year old show was set up to watch essential privileges of the displaced people. Nonetheless, in the contemporary world, because of contrast in the elements of constrained movement, the show faces some serious issues which should be redressed. Thus, it ought to be corrected. One of the serious issues is that it is a well established show and todays situation is altogether not the same as what it used to be. Right off the bat, there is significant blemish in the meaning of evacuee to the extent the model of constrained movement is concerned. An evacuee has a danger of badgering because of political and common reasons from their own nation. In any case, in todays world, money related misfortune and threatening vibe are the significant reasons for evacuee disengagement. So the enormous number of exiles in the 21st century doesn't agree to the above clarified definition and the Convention stands age-old. The gathering has empowered ord er of shelter searchers as either obstinate and in this manner 'authentic' and legitimate and praiseworthy, or financial and along these lines inconsiderate and exploitative and disgraceful. Another arrangement of disadvantage of the said show incorporates absence of help to evacuees till the time they arrive at their host nation. Additionally, the nations have no impulse of not abusing their own residents and there is no imperative of burden circulation between states. Sporadic appropriation of assets is another difficulty of the show. There has additionally been quick increment in individuals carrying which makes constrained transient increasingly defenseless. Along the Mediterranean Sea course alone, a few experts gauge that bootleggers removed up to $US1 billion from vagrants during the record high year of 2014. (Koser, 2015) An individual is considered as a haven searcher till the time the individual has been affirmed as an exile (Cole, 2015). There are a few issues undoubtedly as they advance lopsided movement and is for the most part connected with debasement. The said show doesn't consider key issues as far as political, fiscal and mutual components that influence the host nation with respect to immense quantities of haven searchers. Additionally, it doesn't offer inclination to those in most extreme need however to the individuals who has the ability to pay. Pushing ahead, there is extraordinary inconsistency on what is being spent and what is being concurred to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for supporting the shelter searcher (Millbank, 2000). Directly, huge number of people who are uprooted inside the nation are past UNHCRs approval which is a significant test for the constrained vagrant. The show is viewed as remainder of cold war. It worked easily till the finish of th e Cold War, yet didn't plan todays worldwide resettlement. In Europe, official remote laborers have consistently been not exactly the refuge searchers since the year 1985. Further, clash among comprehension and pertinence of the show is the other key issue. Germany, Britain, Switzerland and the Netherlands are the four nations in Europe which represents greater part of shelter searchers who moves in the said nations attributable to wide cluster of variables, for example, administration openings, closeness, magnanimity of wellbeing frameworks and so forth. There is no expectation of burden sharing. Most of shelter searchers don't meet the outcast standards because of its hazy definition, they are ordinarily allowed transitory occupant status. The entire system of exile status assurance is costly. In Western nations, haven framework fills in as a resettlement control. The show qualifies any person for apply for outcast status and enter the nation. Accepting states need to experience the entire status assurance process in spite of the way that the vast majority of the applications are foul which thus takes a great deal of time, because of which refuge sea rchers organize out in the host nation and it gets hard to evacuate them regardless of whether they have neglected to meet the said measure. The nonattendance of meaningful authority imperative intensity of the UNHCR and UN documentation when all is said in done is a very much archived one, yet step by step is by all accounts a matter of specific concern given the merciful emergency being looked on genuine premise. Also, the Convention has embraced the idea of outcast to ensure exiles. In todays time, the belief system of the worldwide network has been changed totally. Thus, oust is certifiably not an appropriate goals to outcast issues. There is no limitation in the quantity of individuals who can apply for the said status and the accepting states are under the commitment to offer total lawful help to them. Also, the sum spent on the haven searcher is path higher than what is really spent to satisfy the needs of meriting outcasts. Sex based aimlessness is likewise a disadvantage of the said show. Likewise, open in the host nation don't feel for the shelter searcher similarly as they do with the evident exile. 2. In spite of the fact that, UNHCR who is considered as a sentinel of the Refugee Convention is continually adjusting to adapt up to the changing conditions identified with constrained movement. It is plainly clear from the above downsides that change of the Refugee Convention is energetically suggested. These days, occupant extension, food and vitality limitation, urbanization, natural corruption are a portion of the significant reasons for constrained movement. The idea of outcast ought to be reclassified with the goal that it incorporates ongoing removals as it thinks about just 5 grounds. The Norwegian Refugee Council discharged a report uncovering

#tbt MIT Cribs

#tbt MIT Cribs In a recent concentrated effort to create a professional Tumblr for myself, I found the old blog that I submitted as part of my blogger application way-back-when. Turns out that getting accepted as an admissions blogger as a sophomore has its perks. These freshman-year thoughts just sat unread in a tiny corner of the internet, so I can dust off the MIT-related musings (as opposed to the completely random posts or deep and sometimes angsty thoughts about life/the universe/everything posts) and reuse them in a snazzy little #tbt series. Its always strange to look back upon your past self, what you thought of things, and how little you knew of what was to come. Like in this post I was both excited and terrified to start fresh in a new dorm room, decked out with a couple personal touches from home (hence the cheesy title): MIT Cribs (September 2, 2012) My deepest apologies for the hiatus; now that I’m not at home (where an abundance of free time was a given) I’ve been spending less time on the computer and more actually doing things (“things” being a very broad term, it’s not like I became extremely extroverted over the course of a week). But now that the hectic times of Orientation have subsided, I’ll introduce the interwebz to my final resting place… in other words, my dorm room.   Water bottles! The red one was given out by my high school and has an awesome phoenix design on it, while the white one has the Aperture Laboratories logo and a little spiel about dihydrogen monoxide. Portal and chem nerdiness ftw. Freshman 15, here I come? My dad left me with comfort food, namely Ring Dings or a different brand of Hostess Ding Dongs. Now it’s an ongoing battle between my resolve and my stomach. Art supplies… or some of them. I couldn’t bring my colored pencils or paints, but all my fine point illustration pens, brush pens, and gel pens made the journey in case I’m feeling creative. Pokemon headphones, which I painted. Awesome arrow magnets with profanity. Because I’d prefer not to swear online but am endlessly amused by what these say. (My favorite is, by far, “Don’t F*** This Up”). New planner! Because I’m all grown up and in college now, I selected a fancy Moleskine planner… featuring Charlie Brown and the Peanuts comic strip. Anyway, I love it and the cover reads (fittingly) “This year things are gonna be different!” A book of easy crosswords so I can stick to my resolution, and actually finish the puzzles so I don’t feel  completely  mentally inadequate. My Seattle Seahawks pillow. Even though I’m on the East Coast and the closest NFL team is the New England Patriots, my family has raised me to be a die-hard Seahawks fan and I’m not gonna stop supporting them. Beagles are the most adorable, droopy, (translate: slobbering, conniving but still  lovable)  little dogs there are and I miss Taffy (my beagle) a bunch. I get this type of calendar every year as a Christmas present. Girlfriend Application advertisement for one of my friends. He jokingly mentioned that his goal for the summer between Junior and Senior year was to nab himself a girlfriend, so we (myself and two other friends), took it upon ourselves to give him a hand. It was quite a success, he got numerous applicants (even a teacher, though most of the submitted forms were from men) and was also thoroughly  embarrassed. Nametag? While volunteering at the Seattle Children’s Hospital with my school’s National Art Honor Society, the front desk scanned my ID and printed out this nametag with an unflattering picture of myself and the moniker “Dob Ileycass ka.” Wtf is a “Hello, my name is History Nerd” button doing in my possession? Even though I’ve blatantly (and perhaps a bit narrow-mindedly) proclaimed my hatred of history class and memorizing people, dates, and events… this button is from National History Day, where I’ve had some of my greatest successes in academic competition and had the  privilege  of researching moments in time that actually interest me in the company of great friends. I had to choose some of my very favorite books and DVDs to bring along, because I couldn’t very well pack my entire shelf. I would passionately recommend any of these titles to anyone, just ask my friends (who have heard me rave endlessly about any number of these.) Also, my copy of TFiOS is signed and hanklerfish’d, be jelly ;) Troy and Abed in the Mooooooooorning. ‘Nuff said. Blue canary in the outlet by the light switch who watches over you, make a little birdhouse in your soul. The physical manifestation of the focus of the They Might Be Giants song Birdhouse in your Soul. They’re awesome. A blank deck of playing cards which I intended for friends to draw on so I have a completely unique deck. So far I have a grand total of… one. Just a few more to go, right? And lastly, this is the view out my window, a lovely vista of the Charles River. Plus I can see the soccer fields from here, so maybe I’ll spectate during a couple games. I think I’d rather have several closer friends in my dorm than a million-dollar view, but I guess I can’t be heartbroken over this (unless I really want to be a jerk). If anyone wants to hear a story behind any of the other things on my bulletin board (all of them do have stories of some sort), shelves, desk (which is pretty much empty right now, but will be gaining more clutter shortly), or room in general (like a picture of the other half… right now there’s only one poster, another calendar, and some cabinets), feel free to ask and I’d be more than happy to share!   Despite how cringe-worthy some bits of the post are (what were you thinking, freshman-Ceri, using be jelly unironically!?), it brings back memories of what I was feeling at the time. I was excited for MIT, thats for sure. But I also had no idea what I was doing I remember going through the whirlwind of FYRE  to switch from New House, where I was temped for all of 3 days, into MacGregor, where I arrived just in time for in-house rush and knew basically nothing about the dorm. I wasnt placed into my top choices for dorm or entry and I didnt really have friends, since it seemed like everyone else already knew each other from FPOPs (pre-orientation programs which have been blogged about plenty of times) and I dont do so well on the meeting-new-people front. This particular blog resulted from channeling all this nervous energy into organizing my stuff and writing, strategies I still use today to try and quell anxiety. I think trying to make my room look more like home, however barren those pictures are compared to my current room, helped me feel a little more at home. One of my favorite bits is the fact that I highlighted my Seahawks pillow that pillowcase has seen so many tears of happiness and sorrow (football-related and otherwise) and still acts as a reminder that Seattle will always be home to me. Sorry, Boston. But enough with the reflections. The best way I can pay tribute to this throwback post is to recreate it with my current room! Itll be a little harder to choose individual stories to tell because Ive accumulated one or two (or twenty) more things But, without further ado: MIT Cribs II (March 5, 2015) After I moved into my room in B-Entry, Ive never really had a reason to move any of my stuff. Ive stayed on campus for two consecutive summers and MacGregor has stayed open, so thats the perfect recipe for laziness and (to some degree) hoarding. As a result, my once-barren room has accumulated a bunch of cooking supplies, wall decorations, books, and memorabilia. I guess this particular angle makes my room look a little messy, but I like covering all surfaces of my room with happy memories. I think thats what makes it feel a little more like home. Juice is a staple of my diet now, and mango lemonade (which is whats in this bottle) is definitely my favorite. Juice was kind of a staple at home, too, but now I think I might get most of my daily hydration through sugar water rather than normal water. Since I dont drink coffee or soda, my average beverage healthiness might be close to that of a normal college student? Bigger planner than the one from freshman year, decorated with a bunch of stickers I had lying around! All my assignments and to-do checklists throughout the week were getting illegible on smaller pages. Various wall decorations, including the 101 Things to Do Before You Graduate list (like this one, but for the 2016s), a cardboard rhinoceros head (my friend has a matching buffalo), a picture of my pup, an art print of all the scenes from The Way Way Back  (one of my favorite movies) compressed down and squished side-by-side, and some motivational notes given to me by friends and family. An alarm clock, because I have somehow gotten more nocturnal and less willing to wake up than I was in high school. Seriously, how did I ever wake up at around 6am every day to get to school by 7ish. This clock sounds like a fire alarm, which causes me to wake up in a panic but is, unsurprisingly, quite effective. My Seahawks pillow is obscured in this picture but I have plenty of 12th Man flags hanging around my room. I have one in my window which conveniently corresponds to the fact that I live on the 12th floor of MacGregor. Ive acquired a lot of art books since coming here. These two in particular are from Tangled and Frozen, but I love looking at the art styles of everything from cartoons to comics to video games. Even though I cant really take storyboarding or animation classes here, art books like these fuel my desire to become a storyboard artist or work on animated movies. My dad sent me this Washington sticker in a recent care package. I miss the West Coast. The button from that one time my friend and I won the Wicked lottery and got cheap tickets to see it in Boston. Since then, Ive seen lots of theater in Boston and New York (mostly thanks to student rush) and its been wonderful. One of Lydias Valentines  that she sent out to a bunch of friends. It was so sweet and surprising to find one in my mailbox, and definitely made my day. Shes the best Princess of the Internet  ? These are two message-in-a-bottle type notes that two of my best friends gave me (one from high school and one from MIT). They both came with a similar instruction something along the lines of read me when you really need it, and I havent gotten to that point yet. I dont know when Ill need them, or if even if Ill ever need them. But these are some of the most thoughtful gifts Ive ever recieved. Partially obscured behind Baby Luigi, this is a vectorized picture of two of my best friends from high school and me when we visited the Crayola factory. I never colored it in with crayons, but its still a really great memory from freshman year Thanksgiving. Badges from the Penny Arcade Expo (aka. PAX East) from the past couple years. Its a huge video game conference where you can revel in nerdiness and play a bunch of games, and this year it starts tomorrow! I still have the Troy and Abed in the Morning mug, and acquired 13 more mugs through random gifts (MedLinks, the Edward Gorey mug, etc.) or impulse buys (the TARDIS, Elsa and Anna concept art mugs, etc.) Even though I never have a need for more than 1 or 2 dirty mugs at any one time, my friends and I can now mass-produce mug cakes which I guess is a plus. Before college, I never really liked tea I just thought of it as glorified flavored water. But now I have several kinds of peppermint and floral loose-leaf tea to help calm me down or keep me going during a long night of work. At the end of last year, I saw Big Hero 6, loved it, and learned that they had limited edition Baymax cups at Disney theme parks. I mentioned this random tidbit in the middle of a phone call home, and my dad remembered it and surprised me at Christmas with one that he bought on eBay. My family is pretty excellent at giving surprising and meaningful gifts. Again with the PAX, but during freshman year I met one of the artists/designers who worked on Castle Crashers, an arcade-style action adventure game that has a wonderful visual style. I bought the blue knight figurine from the booth and he signed it on the side of the display case with a little doodle. I, of course, blubbered and thanked him for his work and told him I admired his art (or something along those lines I dont exactly remember the interaction very well.) Playbills from some of the theater performances that Ive been to in New York. Specifically, these are from when I stage-doored If/Then  and fangirled over Idina Menzel and Anthony Rapp and the rest of the stellar cast, and when I stage-doored Waiting for Godot  and fangirled over Sir Ian McKellen and Sir Patrick Stewart. Such good theater and its so close by. Time turner necklace, because if I could have a superpower it would definitely be to manipulate time. A figurine of  Vitruvius from the LEGO movie! Dr. Horrible goggles, which I recieved from a friend my freshman year of high school after we discovered Dr. Horribles Sing-Along Blog together. Which everyone should watch. And heres the current view from my window, facing down dorm row instead of the other way down Memorial Drive. Its significantly snowier right now than it was in September, so the Charles is pretty much just a blanket of snow and ice. Sometimes I just stare out the window for a while as the sun sets, since I have a really beautiful view of the lights punctuating the Boston skyline and cars lined up across the Harvard bridge. This is by no means a comprehensive view of everything in my room, but its cool to see how some things have changed so much since freshman year (even though sometimes it doesnt feel like Ive done all that much since coming here). Post Tagged #MacGregor House

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The Incarceration Of Prison Policy - 913 Words

Imagine spending 23 hours a day locked in a tiny concrete cell, smaller than some closets. There is no human contact, no windows to look outside, and hardly anything to stimulate your senses. The other 1 hour you will spend in recreation, which is nothing more than a cage outside, barely larger than your room. There is no space to run, no view of the outside world. You’ll never even see a blade of grass during your stay. This is solitary confinement, something many say is a sentence worse than death. In the United States today, there are over 80,000 prisoners currently in solitary confinement. It was originally proposed as a rehabilitative means, however, it has been proven to cause more damage than anything, ultimately provoking more violence and causing mental deterioration. Some prisoners may even end up spending an entire life sentence in solitary confinement, which defeats the purpose of rehabilitation. It is often viewed as a mere act of torture. According to the Prison Policy Organization, â€Å"An estimated 56 percent of state prisoners, 45 percent of federal prisoners, and 64 percent of jail inmates have a mental health problem† (Mental). Most inmates need help, not to just be locked away and kept apart from the world. Many can, and will with the correct treatment, function as a safe member of the community. As a society, we have come a long way in the area of mental health and have become more humane in the way we deal with societal issues, such as crime, and shouldShow MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Of Prison Policy1418 Words   |  6 PagesGenerally, prison policy might lack saliency among most individuals. Prison policy seems to have that pattern where it is significant to some and not to others; that is also relevant in states because of their variety in issues. Prison legislation is like most legislation relevant to whom it affects. In this situation we see that prison overcrowding bothers a majority of inmates, some of the courts, a nd the states. Inmates do not vote, so it is understandable that congress lacks interest. In mostRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The Prison Policy Institute1369 Words   |  6 Pages Attention TIA Credibility Thesis/ Topic statement INTRODUCTION I. According to the prison policy Institute there are currently 2.4 million Americans incarcerated in the United States with nearly 40% of that number being drug related offenses. Further the United states only makes up five percent of the worlds population, but we make up 25% of the worlds prison population and if you factor in the 40% of that 25% being drug offenders you can see that nearly a tenth of the worlds incarcerated areRead MoreMass Incarceration802 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander identifies the racialized mass incarceration problem that we have in our criminal justice system. Reading the book, you can see that mass incarceration is a social problem. This means that the problem can follow the six stages of the policy process. If I were a claimsmaker, I could assert that mass incarceration is a problem by following the six stages. In the claimsmaking stage, I would claim that the War on Drugs creates the racialized mass incarceration in our society today. To show thatRead MoreRacial Disparities Of Mass Incarceration1572 Words   |  7 PagesRacial disparities in mass incarceration Introduction Mass Incarceration in the United States has been a large topic of choice because rapid growth in the prison and jail populations, the long sentences the inmates face, and the inability for some inmates to incorporate themselves back into society. Since the 1970’s the U.S. prison population quadrupled from 158 to 635 people per 100,000, causing the U.S. to gain the title of country with the highest incarceration rate. (Massoglia, Firebaugh, Read MoreMass Incarceration : A Major Problem Within The United States1695 Words   |  7 PagesMass incarceration has recently become a major problem within the United States. Although crime rates have dropped since the 1990s, incarceration rates have soared. This trend is largely associated with increased enforcement of drug-related crimes. Unfortunately, though not surprisingly, this problem involves racial discrepancies when regarding these mass incarcerations. Incarcerations appear to be the most prominent throughout urban areas and t he south, which happen to be the areas where AfricanRead MoreMass Incarceration : A New Form Of Slavery Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesMass Incarceration: A New Form of Slavery in the United States Lorena P. Ambriz History 12A Abstract Starting in the 1970s, the rising rate of imprisonment came to be known as Mass Incarceration. What was once an average of 100 people getting imprisoned for every 100,000 adults, prior to the 1970s, has now grown to become more than 600 individuals per every 100,000 adults imprisoned. With only five present of the total world population, The United States holds an astonishing 25 percent of theRead MoreThe Lack Of Reintegration Programs And Mass Incarceration Of African Americans912 Words   |  4 Pagesreintegration programs and mass incarceration of African Americans in the United. Mass incarceration amongst African Americans has had a catastrophic impact on families and communities and continues to create a cycle of discrimination, which makes its nearly impossible as a race to progress. Because of the soaring incarceration rate in the United States, many prisons are over populated and lack resources and support to help inmates succeed once released from prisons. Since there is an insufficiencyRead MoreAmerican Incarceration : Where We Are, And What Can Be Done?1518 Words   |  7 PagesYasir Choudhury Dr. Joà £o Vargas UGS 303 Mass Incarceration 5 October 2015 American Incarceration: Where We Are, and What Can be Done From its early inception as a necessary aspect of modern society to its broken state that can be seen today, the American penal system has changed radically in recent history from an institution that performed the duty of safeguarding the public from those too dangerous to be left unsupervised to a business model concerned more with generating a profit for shareholdersRead MoreThe Sentencing Policies For Crimes1357 Words   |  6 PagesWhen America changed the sentencing policies for crimes, primarily drug crimes, in America, the effect this change would have in the poor communities were impossible to imagine. The policies which were changed to get tougher on drug crimes on the federal level followed with mass incarceration in the prison system. This was especially true with young African American males in largely poor communities. So these policies not only created a mass incarceration but also racially targeted certain raceRead MoreMass Incarceration And Its Effects On The Unit ed States Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesMass incarceration is a major problem in the United States. Since the tough on crime movement that began to emphasize more punishment and creating new policies such as; three strikes law, truth-in sentencing laws, mandatory sentencing, and determinate sentencing, our prisons and jails have become overcrowded. The three strikes law increases the prison sentence of an offender convicted of three felonies or serious crime. Usually the punishment ranges from a minimum of 25 years to life in prison. The

The Legacy of Louis Leakey Free Essays

The search for the explanation of human origins is the goal and often life long commitment of many Anthropologists. Every time a major discovery is made we move closer to discovering a piece of the puzzle that is human evolution. Major contributions have been made by a number of men and women. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legacy of Louis Leakey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the more famous names like Raymond Dart, and Tim White are known for the huge discoveries they made. However, no name is more famous in the search for human origins then Leakey. The Leakey legacy began with Louis Leakey more then seventy years ago when he graduated from Cambridge University. Mary Leakey became part of the legacy with her marriage to Louis in 1934. Richard Leakey, son of Mary and Louis, and his wife Meave Leakey further added to the accomplishments of his family by following in his parents footsteps. It is the amazing dedication of each member in the Leakey family that separates them from other anthropologists, and makes them the greatest contributors in the search for an explanation to our past. Louis Leakey was born near Nairobi, Kenya in 1903. His birth was the beginning of a family legacy in Archeology that still continues today. Some people say he was born to be an archaeologist. L. Leakey went to school at Cambridge University, majoring in Anthropology. After graduating in 1926, Leakey got a job as an African expert on an archaeological mission to Tanzania. Afterward, he returned to Cambridge to continue his studies of Anthropology. While studying again at Cambridge Louis began to develop his view that early man had developed in Africa. Louis left Cambridge returning again to Tanzania to study the Olduvai Gorge and the Homo sapiens skeleton. He was amazed with his work at Olduvai but decided he could always come back so he left to go on his own expeditions. Louis Leakey was now 23 and studying many sites where he found many interesting things, such as tools, bones and other artifacts. A few years of this fieldwork gained Leakey honorable recognition from other archaeologists, and subsequently he was awarded with a two year Fellowship at St. John†s College in England. Louis was now a very busy man, he published his first book The Stone Age Cultures of Kenya Colony during this time. Also, while working at St. John†s Leakey got a grant to return to Olduvai Gorge. Louis Leakey was beginning to become a big name in the world of Archeology. Working at Olduvai Gorge he discovered the oldest Homo sapiens in the world. However, many people had begun to contradict his theories on human origins and their roots in Africa. Louis continued to make discoveries in Africa where he found older skulls that could be proved of their age. On returning to England, Louis was shocked to find out that his reputation was in great danger. However, these doubts did not last long after he argued his reputation back at a conference in Cambridge. People were once again starting to believe in his discoveries. Louis Leakey†s problems were not over after the conference in Cambridge. In 1936 he encountered financial problems, so he was forced to write his autobiography, White Africa. That book along with another, about the Kikuyu culture, was enough to bring him out of debt. At this same time he met his wife to be, Mary Nicol. Mary was also interested in human origins and would go on to further enhance the Leakey legacy (see later section focused on Mary Leakey). In 1939 Leakey became a Civilian Intelligence Officer for the Kenyan government, and was later drafted to the African Intelligence Department. At the end of WWII his work included collecting information for the government as a spy. In June of 1947, Leakey returned to Archaeology at an excavation site on Rusinga Island. He discovered the first Proconsul skull with a complete face in 1949. Unfortunately for Leakey this was not the missing link, but it was a link between monkey and ape. The discovery also blessed Louis with an increase of research funds. With the much-needed money Leakey continued work at Rusinga where he found more artifacts, and more Proconsul remains. In 1951 Louis decided to return to the site were he began his work. He and Mary went back to the Olduvai site, here he searched for the man that created tools. This is where Louis would make his greatest discovery. In 1959 his excavations paid off, Leakey and his wife found a new skeleton that he called â€Å"Zinj†. The skeleton was put on display at the fourth Pan African Congress where it caused madness among the people there. It also caused Louis and Mary some new worldwide fame, and a considerable amount of money to continue excavation work at Olduvai. In his final years Louis worked at the Corynkon Museum and Mary took over the excavation with Louis visiting in all of his free time. Louis died in 1972 of a heart attack at the age of 69. Louis had only begun to uncover the many mysteries that the Leakeys are known for. His wife Mary continued the work he started and began her own legacy with many new discoveries. Mary D. Leakey was born Mary Nicol on February 6, 1913 in London, England. She lived a difficult childhood which saw her growing up in a number of different countries, and finally in Dorgogne. It was there at the age of eleven that her interest was sparked in prehistory after meeting Abbe Lemozi, who was excavating at the Cavrerets. Upon her father†s death in 1926, Mary†s life changed drastically. Her mother sent her to Catholic convent after convent where she was repeatedly expelled. Although Mary†s childhood education was not all that impressive, she vowed to earn a degree in prehistory after seeing the caves of Dorgogne. As a result of amazing determination, she began attending lectures at the University of London concerning archaeology and geology. Mary†s first opportunity to enter the field occurred when her incredible drawing skills were discovered by Dr. Gertrude Canton-Thompson who asked her to illustrate her book The Desert Fayoum. Dr. Canton-Thompson changed Mary†s life forever by arranging for her to meet Louis Leakey while he was giving a talk at the Royal Anthropologists Institute. Mary impressed him with her illustrations from The Desert Fayoum and he in turn asked her to illustrate his book, Adam†s Ancestors. Her acceptance was the beginning of a relationship that only grew from there. In May of 1934, Mary began her first important excavation at Hembury Fort in Devon. Mary learned many things from her leader Dorothy Liddell, who was an expert in excavation techniques. In the September of the same year, Mary began her own excavation at Jaywick Sands near Clacton in Essex and also published her first scientific paper. Mary joined her husband to work at Olduvai Gorge from 1935 to 1959. Together they worked to reconstruct many Stone Age cultures dating as far back as 100,000 to two million years ago. Their documentation of stone tools covered primitive stone-chopping instruments to multi-purpose hand axes. In 1947, Mary and Louis unearthed a Proconsul africanus skull on Rusinga Island. The twenty million-year-old skeleton led to Mary and Louis jointly being awarded the Stopes Medal from the Geological Association. Mary continued work with her husband making numerous discoveries. In 1959 they discovered a 1. 75 million-year-old Australopithecus boisei skull. Not long after that discovery, a less robust Homo habilis skull and bones of a hand were found. Both fossils were believed to be of stone-tool peoples. Continued efforts blessed them with the uncovering of a Homo erectus cranium in 1965. The sample is thought to be one million years old. Mary made her first trip to the United States in March of 1962, when she and Louis once again jointly receive honors with the Gold Hubbard Medal (the highest honor from the National Geographic Society). Mary continued her amazing career by earning her first Honorary Degree from the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. Mary†s life was turned upside down in 1972 when Louis died. Mary decided to continue the work her husband loved so much, and proceeded on with work at Olduvai and Laetoli. It was at Laetoli where she discovered Homo fossils more than 3. 75 years old, fifteen new species and one new genus. Mary†s greatest achievement was the discovery of the famous Laetoli hominid footprint trail, which was left in volcanic ashes 3. 6 million years ago. Mary and her staff worked for years to uncover the footprint. The find at Laetoli was huge in the argument for bipedalism in hominids. The years that followed were filled with research at Olduvai and Laetoli, the follow-up work and preparing publications. Mary retired in 1984, and spent the rest of her time writing until her death in 1996 at the age of 83. Mary†s death could have signified the end of the Leakey legacy. However, Mary and Louis†s son Richard has followed right behind his parents and continued the Leakey tradition. Richard Leakey was raised by the world†s best-known archaeologists. He grew up observing and tracking Africa†s rich diversity of wildlife while his parents were discovering ancient pre-human bones in Tanzania†s Olduvai Gorge. Richard left high school at the age of seventeen to begin a career working with wildlife and leading a photographic safari company. Richard eventually began to focus more on Archaeology and in 1968 he made his first important fossil finds when his team uncovered unusually well preserved ancient human remains in Kenya†s Lake Turkana region. In the same year, Leakey, then only 23, was hired as director of the National Museum of Kenya which, over the course of 21 years, he was to build into one of the most respected museums in Africa. In 1984, Richard and his â€Å"Hominid Gang† of fossil hunters discovered fragments of a boy†s skull that were more then 1. 5 million years old. They soon unearthed virtually the entire skeleton of what was dubbed the â€Å"Turkana Boy†, which is recognized as one of the most significant paleoanthropological discoveries of all time. In 1970, Richard married Meave Leakey who he had worked with for about a year at the Koobi Fora site on the eastern shore of Lake Turkana. They had two children, Louise and Samira, in 1972 and 1974 respectively. Meave became the final ingredient in the Leakey legacy. As well as continuing with the fieldwork at Turkana, Meave†s research has focused on the evolution of east African fossil mammals and mammalian faunas as documented in the Turkana basin. Meave became the coordinator of the National Museum†s palaeontological field research, when Richard Leakey left his job as Director of the National Museum to take over the management of Kenya†s wildlife. She has focused her work on sites between 8 and 4 million years old. Her work led to the 1994 discovery of the earliest known hominids. These finds represent a new species, Australopithecus anamensis, likely an ancestor of afarensis. Richard and Meave still to this day are carrying on the Leakey tradition of excellence in Archaeology. Louis, Mary, Richard, and Meave Leakey truly are the greatest Anthropologists to ever share one name. Between them they have made countless discoveries which each dramatically contributed to our understanding of human origins. The Leakey tradition is one of dedication, honor, and amazing accomplishment. Their involvement in our search for an explanation of human evolution has truly become a legacy. The Leakey legacy will always be remembered as the greatest contribution to the search for answers. How to cite The Legacy of Louis Leakey, Essay examples

Effect of Social Media on Consumer Buying Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Social Media on Consumer Buying Behavior? Answer: Introduction Background to the study Social media has been playing an effective role in different aspects like business, advertising and education. Consumers have progressively utilized technology in particular as an effective source for online shopping process (Tuten and Solomon 2013). In this research, the focus of the topic would be to assess social media on consumer behavior of Apple. Research problem The major problem in this research is that due to lack of proper advertising, the consumers are not satisfied with some products of Apple. Moreover, the software quality is not improved. Consumer analysis is highly predicted because effect of social media increases product distribution of Apple accessories and phones (Tuten and Solomon,2013). Research aim The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of social media on consumer buying behavior in Apple. Research objectives To identify how social media has affected consumers of Apple To evaluate the effect of social media that has a link on consumer buying behavior To recommend practices of social media for increasing consumer buying behavior in Apple Literature review Characteristics of Social media Social media is a process that attains gaining attention of target audience through social media site (Albarran 2013). In case of Apple, social media would be helpful because it will attract the consumers through Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest and others. On marketing social media, consumers find various types of messages, tweets, news feed instantly through social networking sites. However, social networking websites allows the individual and other businesses to interact in building relationships. In order, when the company joins social channels, the consumers directly interact with them. Additionally, social networking sites would act as word of mouth (Dagher and Itani 2014). This will follow different types of posts and tweet according to connections made through social networks. It is also seen that social networks is associated by building viral communities. It allows the consumers to express their thoughts, needs, and values through online. Moreover, if a model is devel oped on social media, then there needs to be followed like definition of financial plan, promotion, performance, organizational structure, and potential resources of products and services (Estelami 2014). Generic theory of buying behavior It is observed for different purchases that consumer follows a generic model of decision-making process. Here, the buyers have to recognize a need that will make purchasing factors. It also develops pricing and products in the current market. For example, the decision of buying an iPhone would come if there would be a process of repair. It would also develop the cost of the item relatively. However, the consumers would also have to investigate the washing machines that have come into the market. Ultimately, the main point would be to evaluate pricing, benefits and features of the product in the market area for making a decision-process (Martins, Yusuf and Swanson 2012). Moreover, it would also help to purchase items that would be beneficial. Thus, if the consumer is satisfied with the performance of the product, then the purchase of the brand will be phenomenal in future. Research Methodology Research philosophy It provides the researcher to face obstacles to collect the data from different sources. Following a single philosophy for the research study, the investigator could get better path towards the exact results of the research. For this reason, the research philosophy is divided into four sections, which follows Positivism, Realism, Post-Positivism, and Interpretivism. Among these sections, the investigator has selected Positivism research philosophy to bring the full output of the study (Zanutto 2013). Although, the application of this research philosophy noticed different issues that will be discussed for clear understanding. Research Approach For the ultimate outcome, the investigator must organize the data in a most efficient way. It is differentiated in two sections namely Inductive and Deductive research approach. Among those inductive and deductive research approach, it is clear that both have different functions. The deductive one helps the investigator to gather crystal and transparent information that are relevant to the topic (Love 2012). Research strategy The investigator marks out a suitable strategy for developing the study. Here, the strategies include survey, case studies, experiments, etc. This topic needs an in-depth knowledge to access a good position (Goodson, Loveless and Stephens 2012). The investigator has selected Survey strategy. It has a scope to collect some helpful information and utilize various opinions concerning the research issues. Data collection procedure This procedure is allowed to collect the data from the marked population. Same as above it is of two kinds namely primary data collection and secondary data collection. The primary data collection process includes collection of data from those marked population. For executing the quantitative process, the investigator has conducted the survey procedure. It is seen that every question contains four to five options and among those, the candidates just have to select one option for each question and in case of qualitative data collection the investigator take appointment and interview session from those managers of the company to collect the data (Al, 2013). Here, the investigator has taken 50 respondents of Apple and 3 mangers to interpret quantitative and qualitative data collection method. Sampling method The investigator chooses the population in a very organized way because the probability of getting quality data is very high. In this process, the investigator chooses the managers to gather knowledge about the topic. In probability sampling process, the population is chosen in random (Love, 2012). Ethical considerations The collections of data through qualitative process are very confidential because the investigator has never published the data. The managers of the organization hide some data to maintain confidentiality. In order, this issue blocks the investigator to access good quality research (6 and Bellamy 2012). Moreover, the investigator confirms that these data will only be used for academic purpose and not for commercial one. Time Horizon Activities 1St Week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week 5th week 6th week 7th week Introduction Literature review Aims and Objectives Research approach Research methodology Secondary data analysis Evaluation on data Research monitoring Final Submission Table 1: Gantt chart Reference List 6, P. and Bellamy, C. (2012). Principles of methodology. London: SAGE. Al, S. (2013). Interpretive research design: concepts and processes. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), pp.351-352. Albarran, A. (2013). The social media industries. New York: Routledge. Dagher, G. and Itani, O. (2014). Factors influencing green purchasing behaviour: Empirical evidence from the Lebanese consumers. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13(3), pp.188-195. Estelami, H. (2014). An ethnographic study of consumer financial sophistication. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13(5), pp.328-341. Goodson, I., Loveless, A. and Stephens, D. (2012). Explorations in narrative research. Rotterdam: SensePublishers. Love, K. (2012). Ethics in social research. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Martins, J., Yusuf, F. and Swanson, D. (2012). Consumer demographics and behaviour. Dordrecht: Springer. Tuten, T. and Solomon, M. (2013). Social media marketing. Boston: Pearson. Zanutto, A. (2013). Handbook of constructionist research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(1), pp.87-89.

Native Essays (804 words) - Ethics, Native Son, Behavior, Literature

Native Son By Right Bigger Thomas has been shaped by various forces. Forces that have changed the life completely for Bigger Thomas. In Native Son, Bigger Thomas seems to be composed of a mass of disruptive emotions rather than a rational mind joined by a soul. Bigger strives to find a place for himself, but the blindness he encounters in those around him and the bleak harshness of the Naturalistic society that Wright presents the reader with close him out as effectively as if they had shut a door in his face. In the first book, Wright tells the reader "these were the rhythms of his life: indifference and violence; periods of abstract brooding and periods of intense desire; moments of silence and moments of anger -- like water ebbing and flowing from the tug of a far-away, invisible force" (p.31). Bigger is controlled by forces that he cannot tangibly understand. Bigger's many acts of violence are, in effect, a quest for a soul. He desires an identity that is his alone. Both the white and the black communities have robbed him of dignity, identity, and individuality. The human side of the city is closed to him, and for the most part Bigger relates more to the faceless mass of the buildings and the mute body of the city than to another human being. His mother's philosophy of suffering to wait for a later reward is equally stagnating -- to Bigger it appears that she is weak and will not fight to live. Her religion is a blindness; but she needs to be blind in order to survive, to fit into a society that would drive a "seeing" person mad. All of the characters that Bigger says are blind are living in darkness because the light is too painful. Bigger wants to break through that blindness, to discover something of worth in himself, thinking that "all one had to do was be bold, do something nobody ever thought of. The whole things came to him in the form of a powerful and simple feeling; there was in everyone a great hunger to believe that made them blind, and if he could see while others were blind, then he could get what he wanted and never be caught at it" (p.102). Just as Bigger later hides himself amidst the catacombs of the old buildings, many people hide themselves deep within their minds in order to bear the ordeal of life and the oppression of an uncaring society. But their blindness allows them something that Bigger cannot achieve: it allows these people to meld into the society that is the city, while Bigger must stand at the outside of that community alternately marvelling and hating the compromises of those within. Bigger is alone; he is isolated from every facet of human affection. Max tells the court that Bigger cannot kill because he himself is dead, and a person without empathy or sympathy, without the deep, steadying love of family or faith in anything. When he lashes out in violence it is in a way a search for what hurt him; he hurts others because it is a way of hiding that he is hurt and afraid.). If one considers life to be a period of growth and learning, recognition of self-worth and of the worth of others, then Bigger has not been given the chance to live. Book Three is called "Fate", and indeed Bigger seems to be controlled his entire life by ambivalent outside forces who could care less about him. He has been lied to until he believes the lies he tells himself. He has no place in society. His own mother believes in him no more than the billboard reading "you can't win" that he sees each day outside his apartment. He has grown up in an environment where enormous rats fester in holes and water is a maybe situation, where meals are precarious and money is almost nonexistent, and where he is told time and time again that he has no worth, no dignity, no intelligence or creativity. Is it any wonder that Bigger is violent? It seems more fantastic that all of the people around him are not. When he says, upon reading the paper "No! Jan didn't help me! He didn't have a damned thing to do with it! I -- I did it!" (p.283) he is clinging to the act of violence he performed as an affirmation of self. He is isolated by a blind society, he is loved by no

Angola Regulatory System and Infrastructure Essay Example

Angola Regulatory System and Infrastructure Essay Example Angola Regulatory System and Infrastructure Essay Angola Regulatory System and Infrastructure Essay Regulatory Angola’s ordinary corporate tax is 35 percent, with a reduced rate of 20 percent for agricultural and forestry enterprises. The government offers a variety of corporate tax exemptions, reductions, and exemptions from real estate taxes on land and buildings as investment incentives. Income tax for individual’s ranges from 1-40 percent for employees, and 3-60 percent for self employed professionals. Inheritance and gift taxes are also added along with a payroll tax for social security. The main indirect tax is manufacture’s sales tax with rates ranging from 5 percent to 50 percent on listed product (nationalencyclopedia. com). Taxation: Companies carrying out industrial and commercial activities in Angola are subject to income tax on all profits resulting from Angola. If the company has its headquarters in Angola, it will be hit with industrial tax on its profits derived from Angola and 1/3 of its gross income earned abroad. Under the new tax legislation, any income obtained outside of the country will be fully taxable. All companies, no matter if they have a permanent business in Angola, that perform contracts or subcontracts, are subject to industrial tax if the amounts paid to the companies are considered expenses for Industrial tax purposes. This will most likely be changed, because of the new definition of permanent establishment. This new definition also considers, as permanent establishment, the simple interpretation of services, if made by the presence in Angola of hired personnel, for more than 90 days within a year. This means that those companies that render services will be taxable under the general rules of the industrial tax code. Under the new legislation, capital income tax imposed on taxable dividends was raised to 10 percent. However, exemptions form industrial tax can be obtained from the Minister of Finance for new industries and investment projects in fundamental areas. The tax year is the same as the calendar year. Companies other than Angola companies operating abroad must file tax returns together with their financial statements by May 31st in the year following the tax year. Angolan companies operating abroad must file by July 31st, with advance payments of at least 50 percent of the prior years tax liability must be made by December 10th of the tax year. Final payment of tax is due on September 15th of the following year (somalipress. com). Personal income tax – All individuals receiving employment income for working in Angola are subject to income tax. Taxable income includes all employment income, like wages, salaries, leave payments, fees, gratuities, bonuses, premiums or allowances paid or granted b reason of employment, in cash or check. Director’s fees are usually treated as individual taxable income, regarded in the same way as compensation income. Under the tax reform, members of the boards of Angolan companies will always be considered as residents in Angola for tax purposes. Employer withholding satisfies income taxes on employees, and employees do not need to file returns. No resident individuals are assessed on only Angolan source income. The employer or other payer withholds the amount due and is liable for the tax (somalipress. com). Intellectual Property: Angola’s legal system is very inefficient, and corruption plays a major roll in that. Legal fees are high, and most businesses avoid taking commercial disputes to court. The state owns all land, but long term renewable leases are available for most urban and some non urban land. Property registration is a long process and very expensive. Angola is ranked 114th out of 155 countries in the 2009 International Property Rights Index (heritage. org). The Ministry of Industry protects trademarks, patents, and designs under Law 3/92. The Minister of Culture administers Law 4//90, protecting authorship, literary, and artistic rights. Angola is part of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) convention, as well as the Paris convention for the protection of Industrial Property and the patent Cooperation Treaty (overseasnews. nsf). Tariff: Import tariffs are based on the cost, insurance, and freight value of goods at the point of entry. Here is a look at Angola’s tariffs for textiles, apparel, footwear, and travel goods. Tariff Rate Range (%) -silk |2 | |-wool |2 | |-cotton |2 | |-other vegetable fiber |2 | |-man-made fiber |2 | |-silk |5 | |-wool |5 | |-cotton |5 | |-other vegetable fiber |5 | |-man-made fiber |5 | |.. | | |Knit Fabric |5 | | | |Non Woven Fabric |5 | | | | |Industrial Fabric |2 5 | | | | |Apparel |15 | | | | |Home Furnishings |5 15 | |including: bed, bath, kitchen linens, etc. | | | | |Carpet |20 | | | | |Footwear |0 12 | | | | |Travel Goods |20 | (new. nsf. com) Angola’ s weighted average tariff rate was 7. 3 percent in 2008. Despite progress in trade reform, restrictions on some imports, variable and high customs fees and taxes, import licensing, government import authorizations, the regulatory environment, subsides, inadequate customs capacity, and issues involving enforcement of intellectual property rights add to the cost of trade (heritage. org). [pic](Tradingeconomics. com) Technical Infrastructure: Infrastructure has been ruined due to the extensive warfare. Millions of land minds were set, and there has been little effort to remove them. These landmines are not only destroying roads and hampering the process of putting up new buildings, but are killing civilians. There are 11,903. miles of paved roads and 1,834. 4 miles of rail tracks. There are 32 airports with paved runways and 217 with unpaved runways (nationalencyclopedia. com). Transportation: Transportation has taken the biggest hit from the war. More than 60 percent of the paved road network needs repair. The government estimates that it will take 10-15 years to restore the road network to how it was before the war. The economic sectors will not be able to grow with the road, railway, and bridge networks being up and running. They link the main cities in the country and get protects from one end of the country to the other (nationalencyclopedia. com). [pic] (google. com) Phone system: Telecom dominated the phone industry for fixed lines until 2005. Demand however, outstripped capacity, prices were high, and service was poor. Telecom Namibia, through an Angolan company, became the first private licensed operator in Angola’s fixed line telephone network. By 2010 the number of fixed line providers had expanded to 5; Angola Telecom established mobile-cellular service in Luanda in 1993 and the network had been extended to larger towns. There are only about two fixed lines for every 100 people; combined fixed lines and mobile cellular lines are about 65 telephones per 100 persons in 2009 (cia. gov). Angola Information on Economic Freedom | Facts, Data, Analysis, Charts and More. Conservative Policy Research and Analysis | The Heritage Foundation. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. . Angola Infrastructure, Power, and Communications, Information about Infrastructure, Power, and Communications in Angola. Encyclopedia of the Nations Information about Countries of the World, United Nations, and World Leaders. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. . Angola Investment Guides Angolan Investment Profile. Somali Press. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. . CIA The World Factbook. Welcome to the CIA Web Site - Central Intelligence Agency. 9 Nov. 2010. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. . (OTEXA) Market Reports/Tariffs. Market Reports/Tariffs. 11 Nov. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. 9

Water pollution in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water pollution in India - Essay Example India is the 2nd most populous country in the world and the 7th largest by size, India's economy has been galloping along at 9.43% per annum for the last couple of years, agriculture accounts for 43% of the geographical area of India and the rest is allocated to industries and domestic living. The market for drinking water is potentially a gold mine waiting to be dug because this is one of the most populous countries in the world and is right there at the top in terms of geographical size. The water pollution has been on the rise ever since India started opening up its economy because then by default the demand for each and every product increased because of increasing globalization and hence it can be said that the standard of living has risen and this has caused even more pollution because this sets off the industrial process even more rigorously because demand even increases locally and hence more has to be produced and because of that more income is generated. Agriculture though has been on the decline in India but still 60% of the labor force is involved in agriculture and hence fertilizers and other synthetic materials are being used which increase the dangers of polluting the ground water. Another concern is the alarming rate at which India's population has been increasing, this is a cause of concern because the domestic waste produced is another major cause of polluting the water resources and also a growing population means that more people need access to drinking water but it also means that there would be much more pollution and hence lesser drinking water available for every one in the country. The government has been trying to do all it can to stop the industrial pollution by giving certain advantages to factories who install systems through which water pollution is lessened but to date it has failed to implement it on a large scale. Costs and benefits: There is a debate in the Indian sub continent that should water be commercialized or not because it is just a lucky few that have the means of buying water that has been commercialized and the others have to make do with the same unhygienic, unclean water which is hazardous for health. But the flip side of the argument is that the government has failed to deliver on this front and hence private companies have taken over and off course they would do so only if there is a profit, but what if these companies stop providing the clean water that they are currently providing Then each and every one would have to resort to the same unclean water and as a result the percentage of people falling ill from water borne diseases would increase and hence as a result the cost for the government would go up, so there is plenty of potential in the commercialized water sector and the time is now. Plan: The firm in question can do one of two things, first, it can set up its own distillation plant and take the initiative to bottle the water it self and hence it will have to inadvertently advertise to compete with the products that are already available on the market and hence this might create problems because a brand image of the previous companies would have been formed where as the new firm would have to advertise on a big scale to take its share of the market that would mean that the costs are high right from the start and the competitors might even engage in drastic cuts in prices and the firm in question will not be able to compete with the established firms on the basis of costs because the established firms will be experiencing economies of scale because of their greater experience in this certain kind of a market. The other option available to this firm is to operate its distillation plant and supply this water to another firm that has already been established in this particular industry. This would make things a lot simpler because due to this the firm can

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Project Management - Essay Example It cannot it should not be understood the project manager is somehow the be all and end-all of mitigating all problems; however, with regards to the firm or entity in question, they do not have purview over the means by which government bureaucracy or other aspects of the international or regional economy function. Ultimately, they are only capable of directing within their own scope and utilizing their own people as a means of effecting noticeable positive change with respect to the overruns which are to be discussed. It is hypothesized by this researcher that adequate project management within the United Arab Emirates with regards to construction projects has a noticeable effect on the means by which time and cost overruns are realized. Of course the difficulty with regards to this particular research is level and extent to which corresponding research questions can effectively be engaged and answered as a means of drawing inference upon the preceding analysis. As a function of thi s, the following research questions will be asked: What percentage of project managers have prior experience in excess of five years What percentage of project managers exhibit specialized project management training beyond mere higher education What percentage of firms operating within the United Arab Emirates utilize the mastic project managers in order to affect time than monetary constraints To what level to project managers in a given firm integrate with one another within the course of their duties? To shareholders within these companies think favorably or not favorably with regards to project management Naturally, this information will not readily available and must require a questionnaire and/or survey in which affect. Moreover, the research objective be to determine the level to which project management integrates with and positively and/or negatively affects the rate at which cost and time overruns are experienced within construction projects within the United Arab Emirate s. Is the hope of this author that through such an analysis, United Arab Emirates construction industry may experience an increase level of efficiency due to being able to understand the best means of utilization that project management can provide. Similarly, with regards the overall feasibility of the study, it must be understood that this it is only constrained by the level and extent to which the researcher is able to go in order to gain the necessary feedback and input from the stakeholders within the process. If the study is performed to a sufficiently small number of firms and/or stakeholders, the level to which inference can be drawn will necessarily be reduced due to the fact that the results will not be able to shed light upon a broad range of issues and will otherwise really focus upon the means by which if you entities without for sponsoring to the survey/questionnaire. Conversely expanding the survey/questionnaire to include a very large number of respondents will mean that the researcher will spend the majority of time gathering tabulating information without having enough time to sufficiently extrapolate based upon the inputs that are thus far been received. Accordingly, it is the

Discussion On The Contribution Of Positivism Philosophy Essay

Discussion On The Contribution Of Positivism Philosophy Essay The universe, everything will change this world everything goes. Society, as a large system, in science and technology become increasingly developed, the rapid improvement of peoples living standard, they also forced us to face one another social problem: The first is the living space needed for the growing and the existing living space very small contradictions, raising concerns about the future of the Concerned; and the real social problems which also plague the people day after day, prompting people to reflect on these issues. Positivism is a product of social change is that people are a reflection of social issues, and its produce to the community has made great contributions to the ensuing also include the limitations of positivism. This essay will talk about the meaning and development of positivism, and then it will show the contribution of positivism and its limitation. The essay also focuses every positivist who makes a significant contribution for positivism. When people want to know the contribution of positivism in society, then they hope to discuss critical of positivism. Firstly they should know what is positivism? What is it time to start, what are the reasons of origin, and other development? (J H Bridges, Robert Speller and Sons 1957) Positivism is a kind of sensory experience stress, rejection of Western metaphysics, the philosophical schools. Empirical positivism was as a form of expression, resulting in the 19th century, 30 to 40 years in France and Britain. Before that, I. Newton, D. Humes empiricism has been involved in empirical question, and the early 19th century French utopian socialists H. Saint-Simon first use positivism. However, strictly speaking, the founder of positivism is the French philosopher, sociologist A. Comte. From 1830 onwards, Comte successively its six volumes of this evidence-based philosophy tutorial, marked the formation of positivism. In accordance with the views of Comte, positivism, broadly speaking , (Comte 1844) philosophical and political system by the composition, the former is the foundation, and next one is a huge system of purpose; narrow to say that Comte founded positivism that is empirical philosophy. Comte that the history of mankind from superstition or metaphysics of science process. When the communities of scientists manage the society, people entered the reality phase. After Comtes positivism, Durkheim righted to be amended and created his own new theory of social fact. What is social fact? (Hadden, p. 104) Durkheim defined social facts as things is the fact that external coercion, which is to create a collective strength rather than from individuals. While they may not seem to be observable, social facts are things, and are to be studied empirically, not philosophically (Ritzer, p. 78). Social Facts: When I perform brother, husband, or citizens, when I carry out my contract, my responsibility, so I define the responsibilities, external to myself and my behavior, in law and custom. Even if they meet my own emotions, I feel that their subjective reality, which is still objective, because I did not create them, I just through my education, inheritance them. (Durkheim Rules, p. 1).   As examples of social facts, Durkheim cites religious beliefs, currency used to undertake transactions, and factors such as the practices followed in my profession (Durkheim Rules, p. 2). These types of behavior or thought are not only outside the individual, but, in addition, to give to force them to impose his own virtue, his personal will to the transfer. (Durkheim Rules, p. 2).    Subsequently, a number of philosophers and scientists of the Comtes positivist philosophy be revised to exclude an epistemological doctrine, promoting a new philosophy of science, there has been Machism and logical positivism.( J. T. Blackmore, R. Itagaki, and S. Tanaka 2009) E. Mach believe that the real science is a fine phenomenology, that is the exact description of a person feels, including this one from where they found some of the rules. He was opposed to the introduction of atomic physics and chemistry, and to a positivist tone of voice, said: You really see it? To the 20th century, Positivism and B. Russell and AN Whiteheads combination of basic mathematics and become the Vienna school of logical positivism lord. Therefore, the history of the positivism is divided into two types: the early positivism known as the old positivism, logical positivism, also known as neo-positivism. Since the days of self-Comte, positivism, who has been graded to be organized on various subjects? From the oldest and the most basic physics to social sciences, each science are assumed to be restored to a sub-1 level, so almost all science and all branches of physics. Genially, (Comte 1844) positivist thought in general the pursuit of scientific facts can be observed, verifiable, and that the predictable future society must be good. Positivism on this attitude of society in the future there are similarities with the utopian socialism, positivism, the contribution of other obvious trend is that it track to track the development of science and scientific development process of the absorption of the factors conducive to philosophical reflection. In short, positivism is a major benefit from the development achievements of modern science and philosophy, but the birth of science to the philosophy of conversion factor is the overall development of modern Western society. The existence of things is a double-edged. Positivism defect is very clear: First, (Alfred Schutz, George Walsh, and Fredrick Lehnert 1967) it over-emphasized the phenomenon, namely, the importance of perceptual knowledge, ignoring rational thought in the history of contributions to human civilization. This caught in inductive way of thinking. Second, (M Weber 1978) it ignores the peoples awareness, particularly the limitations of perceptual knowledge, but to perceptual knowledge extended to the whole of human history. Means that as long as the positivism of cognition, in any era is all that can be perceived, but people know the reality not the case. Third, positivism not seems to realize that natural scientific approach congenitally deficient. Therefore, people can also make such a positivist criticism. Then positivism is not a panacea theory, is that many positivists themselves think so too, therefore, on some issues people can and must be positivism to the study, in some other iss ues; people will need to use some other ways to solve the problem, such as rationalism, not only positivism. Then the famous positivist Comtes positivism is a kind of sensory experience stress, exclusion metaphysical schools of Western philosophy, Comte use it to try to distinguish and thus to replace the traditional philosophy of idealism and materialism. Comtes positivism is the idealism of Berkeley and Humes empiricism and Newtons mechanistic philosophy of combination. It is in this experience, tradition, inspired by the positivist philosophy of Comte from which extends the theory out. Positivism, empiricism has inherited the basic viewpoints of the past, that the origin of all the issues on the world belong to metaphysics, but only what is the philosophy of phenomenology should be studied. (A Comte 1988)Comte advocated everything should be based on the point of view the phenomenon as a starting point, only those who really based on knowledge are scientific. Positivist philosophy of Comte first three stages of the development of the human mind of the inspection, the second is an empirica l interpretation of the spirit. Comtes sociology, said that he was mainly from the positivist point of view, put forward the idea of building a modern society. In addition, (A Comte 1979)Comte is divided into social statics and social dynamics the two blocks of sociology, Social Statics study of social system and social structure, this is not to consider the social system of basic movement, to study the various components of the system between the roles and counterproductive law. It corresponds to the order. Social dynamics, which research development and changes in the social system, the laws, the core was social progress. This distinction is not a distinction between two types of facts, but the distinction between two aspects of the theory order and progress, statics and dynamics, are always interrelated. However, (M J Smith 1998) Comte focus only on his own during this period of European cultural values, there is no more comprehensive look at the definition of positivism; his stu dy has limitations and is in a particular environment, a study is not comprehensive. (B Agger 2007) Durkheims contributions mainly have social facts, social aspects, and division of labour and sociological approaches. According to social facts and social aspects he has a strong social structure point of view, in every one of us is subject to these social facts, and how we must adapt to these means. Durkheim believed that the division of labor does not lead to social disintegration, but the change in the form of social solidarity provides a useful method of study of modern society. However, there are some problems with his opinion such as actions, consensus, solidarity and common Consciousness. Although there are common ethical in our society in many aspects, there is one in similar circumstances, a person acting in various ways there are also many opportunities. Durkheim may be aware of this possibility, but he did not seem to have anything to say about the nature of human motivation. He was too concerned about the larger structural problem. human action or human act ion is unlikely that the theory is limited. Webers action or models, such as symbolic interactionism the most recent here, some of the methods will prove more useful. While doing thinking of Durkheim on social unity and a source of useful contribution, which usually seems to be his only concern. Durkheim and structure of the functional approach with the difficulties of the latter is almost completely ignored the conflict and power differences. (Laurence D. Smith 1988)Laurence D. Smith (Author) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Visit Amazons Laurence D. Smith PageAfter Durkheim, logical positivism empirical basis in logic as a tool for reasoning, using probability theory to correct conclusions. It is believed that the scientific study of human behavior is the only correct way. Logical positivism that: a question of fact that only recourse to observation alone. Lets say the logical positivism of the logical. Logic is an important tool for logical positivism. One is the scientific methodology of inductive logic, and the second is to create a semantic study of its interpretation of the logic. (M.W. Wartofsky 1984) The scientific concept of logical positivism does exist significant deficiencies, in which one of the most fundamental flaws is the humanistic significance of science and humanistic values of neglect. In accordance with logical positivism of science and scientific interpretation of Marxism, Science was seen as a kind of beyond the hum an or higher than the human nature becomes a self-existing entity, or be deemed to be a kind of detached from the on which it depends and development of the human condition, needs and interests of the mothers thing In conclusion, Positivism is a manifestation of social progress, it is a kind of social development and peoples thinking, and positivism is a philosophical genre, which is the empiricism of the evolution. It is an important component of Western philosophy, but there are also right to criticize the views of positivism, Western scholars have also put forward their own views, New Kantianism, Functionalism, Structuralism, Exchange theory Symbolic Interactionism Behaviorism and Post-modernism, etc., on the evidence ism expressed doubts and make their own good reasons. So people need to be more substantial look at these theories to better use than them.

Motivation Will: The First Grand Theory

The world today has complex structures, being in control is a must for maximum productivity. Motivation to do better must be attained. But in our constant intricate changes, it may be a fact that work motivation may be harder to attain. There are some motivational problems that man needs to look into before it is too late to adapt to the persistent change of the world.In the 21st century there have been many improvements in the status of mankind Complex systems have been developed, huge buildings have been built and theories have been formulated. Man has come a long way since ancient times. Man could not have done these magnificent tasks if he did not want to do it. What makes a person performs this certain splendid improvements?There are many factors that attributes to mankind’s success through the centuries. One of those factors is motivation. Motivation is defined by the cause that a being performs a certain action. It had been studied that motivation for human beings requi res two drives, and those are conscious and unconscious drives. The conscious drive means that the person is aware that he is doing a certain action. In unconscious drives, the person is not aware or he automatically does that certain action. Having the motivation to work would show healthy results.There have been many study in the field of motivation, however, there is no theory that has been generally established. Only directions for motivation have been recognized. Abraham Maslow, an American Physiologist, became famous for his work in humanistic theories. One of his famed works is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. It described that the needs of man is ordered. It was stated that the needs of man consisted of two parts, the secondary and primary needs. The primary needs must first be met before the secondary needs could be attained. Attaining these needs is acquired quite some time in a human being’s lifespan. Humanistic Psychotherapy can also be done so that a perso n can advance from one level of need to another.Motivation is a big factor in creating a productive community. For example, in a corporation, it is the beneficial that the leaders of the corporation to motivate its workers with job incentives, increased salary, Christmas bonuses and many more. If the corporation gave the workers poor incentives and low salaries then the employees would not work productively.In a large scale, if a corporation that is motivating its workers then it would show positive results. If the corporation show positive results then the market that it belongs would improve. Motivation may be the basics of choice of action but the result it gives is largely beneficial. Because of this, the control of working motivation is important and should always be taken into consideration.Several work motivation theories have been developed. Some of these theories are  Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Y and William Ouchi’s Theory Z. The theory X states that employees do not want to work. They are only forced to work mainly because of some material incentives such as their salary. It may be said that employees work because they need to. Because of these, the motivations that the company should use are the ones that would make the employees continue working even though they try to avoid it, such as threat of penalties.Theory Y states that employees see their work as a source of fulfilment. It may be said that employees are working because they want to work. The workers want the responsibilities they have and, as employees, want to perform them well. Because of this, the motivations that the company should use are the ones that would make the employees more involved in the management such as promotions. It was observed that Japanese companies apply Theory Y and the American companies apply Theory X.There was quite a little difference between the results of the outcome although it was noted that in Theory Y, the workers attained personal satisfacti on and if there is personal satisfaction then there is productivity.   Theory Z, in the other hand, is a lot like Theory Y. It is a better form of Theory Y. Other than making the employees involved in the management, the company also gives the employees lifetime incentives which increase the employees’ loyalty to the company.It was also cited that an employee does not only work for only one specialization, the employee works with diversity. Because of this, they learn more about the company over time which makes them closer and closer to it. To summarize it, we can say that Theory X is the negative reinforcement, Theory Y is the positive reinforcement and Theory Z is the more positive reinforcement.Although work motivation theories have been developed there is still the need to develop new theoretical models of motivation. The three work motivation is not enough to solve the growing motivational problems. For example, person A attains his satisfaction in painting portraits but due to lack of funds, he is forced to work as a call center agent so that he could sustain his everyday needs. Person A only works at the call center agent for the money. He would not have personal satisfaction in working for that agency.Because of this, he would not have productivity which means that he wouldn’t excel in his career in the call center agency because his passion is painting portraits. That means, the call center agency would not increase productivity with person A working for them. In the competitive market, a company such as the call center agency needs to be developed. If the agency would not increase productivity then the agency would not be developed. Thus, the performance of the agency would either be stagnant or would shutdown. It is a hefty price to pay for employees that are not gaining personal satisfaction.A new motivational theory must be made so that even though that an employee is not gaining personal satisfaction, because that person is only in the job for the money, that person will still gain productivity. If there is no new motivational theory created to sustain this problem, and then there would be much instability or a loss.   If a person does not attain the primary levels of the needs then that person would not also attain the secondary level of needs. If so, then that person would not progress and, therefore, be left in the flow of modernization.In our competitive market today, competence is a must. The growing community is encountering problems, because the larger the community, the more error it will come across with. Every person encounters different problems and the person must adapt to the changes it will give and those changes does not necessary mean that it would pleasant for that person. This may lead to personal dissatisfaction.If a company have employees that do not have personal satisfaction within their jobs then that company would like to shutdown or cease to operate. Also, some of the work motivat ion that is developed was only based on the powerful countries. The work motivations for the powerful countries may not be compatible with the less powerful countries. Much complex work motivation models may be needed to support the other difficult problems.If there would be a developed motivation model that will create productivity even though there is no personal satisfaction, then it would be a great aid. The thought of having productivity without personal satisfaction is still uncertain and maybe impossible especially because it contradicts the current theories that have been developed. Much study must still be done in the field of motivation. In mankind’s development, there is an increase in complexity which means there is also an increase of problems that could be encountered.It can be deduced that we are still in the early stages of development in terms of studying motivation. We still lack to completely comprehend our behavior of choice. The concept of predicting our choices and the choices of others are vital for our development. But even though we still haven’t figured out completely the process of our motivation, it does not mean that we will not figure it out in the near future. Presently, we can still manage to progress in our state.The problem is that will we be able to adapt to the predicted problems that will be encountered in the future. Constant study in our behavior of choice is one way to develop new ways of motivational models. If this is done, in later time, we could determine new motivational theories. Man can always withstand the harsh howls of life.REFERENCES:â€Å"Abraham Maslow.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2006.â€Å"Motivation.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: MicrosoftCorporation, 2006.Kassin, Saul. â€Å"Psychology.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2006.http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/ [28 Apr. 07]

Legalizing Concealed Weapons Essay

Many times people confuse whether or not allowing gun laws actually reduces the crime rate. As gun rights is a natural born right of citizens, some believe that should be banned, and many others believe that the law should be extended to lawful citizens. Based on my own experiences there have been several instances where I wish a legalized weapon was in arms reach. There was an instance about 7 years ago where my little brother and I were the only two in the house and an intruder broke in while we were there. No one was hurt or injured but it was traumatic for two children as it happened right after my mom had went to work. I would have felt more secure and confident if I was to know that a legalized weapon was around for our protection. Through research, why concealed carry laws should be implied into every state’s legislation will be debated and each point of view will be expressed. As this topic applies to everyone, every citizen should have the opportunity to exercise thei r rights. Many people are victims to crimes that they could have gotten away from. How many rape cases could have been avoided? How many school shootings could have been prevented before the shooting began? All of the latter mentioned cases are incidents that could significantly reduce our crime rate if concealed carry laws were in effect in every state. Also included in this essay will be a viewpoint of the opposing side and how that side is not all the way accurate. Using my research and focusing on how carrying concealed weapons aids our Americans I will be able to shrink my topic to a point where I can talk about a variety of things that are not too broad to where I do not have enough information to make a solid argument. Within these two subjects, statistics and reasoning as well as extensive research and detailing will be presented in hopes of persuading the reader that legalizing concealed weapons truly helps in protecting our citizens. My topic is pro-legalizing concealed carry  weapons. I live in a neighborhood and near a city where crime is steadily increasing from robberies to murders. I personal ly feel that if citizens were allowed to carry concealed weapons the crime rate would be at an all-time low. A lot of people, in my opinion, commit crimes because they know that they will either not get caught or will only receive jail time which in some cases they are prepared to bail themselves out. To one that may seem like a legit punishment and although it may be, there are so many ways that it could all be avoided. The number one way would be legalizing concealed weapons so that we as citizens can be prepared for any confrontation with crime. Based on my prior feelings and preconceptions on this topic I will be looking to persuade anyone that reads my overall paper that carrying concealed weapons overall helps the communities in more ways than one. There have been a number of incidents where a brave soul who took advantage of the given right to carry a concealed weapon took matters into their own hands and saved lives whether it had been one or one hundred. Many of these stories go unnoticed and I will be bringing just a handful of those to the light. In order to make that successful the main sources that I will be putting emphasis on will be the sources that prove in certain scenarios have prevented criminal activity. While watching a few different videos concerning carrying concealed weapons I will be taking notes on the specific details that support my topic such as how these cases where citizens used concealed weapons to save lives. Social media is a great avenue to pull out things that people do not get to see or hear about every day. The people that oppose concealed carry might not realize how important being able to protect yourself and your surroundings are. This will give the readers a chance to put in perspective how they would be if they were confronted in that exact situation and be enlightened that them too have that opportunity to ensure safety with themselves, their families, and everyone else around them. Although social media can be abused in so many ways it is a great way to see incidents first hand as if you wer e there even though you were not. The videos I will be using are pulled from live evidence of a brave soul enforcing their right to carry concealed weapons to save others. Another video will be a news broadcast explaining how this same thing helps the community. Because I am not searching for crime and do not encounter it on a daily basis, I chose to use social media as a resource to observe as it  would be a lot more difficult to observe a live incident where concealed weapons helped people. After all the observations I will be able to prove and show that legalizing concealed weapons is an important factor that should be considered in every state. Crimes and tragedies can happen anywhere. In one particular newscast I found there was a man who opened fire at Clackamas mall in Oregon. This situation was quite different than a lot of stories that are told because for a specific reason the 22 year man who carried the concealed weapon failed to fire. Nick Meli said he refused to open fir because in his tunnel vision be tween him and the shooter, a civilian ran by to escape. In his mind if he had shot and missed the initial target, he would become affiliated with what the gunman was doing which was taking innocent lives. However, this directly applies to my support of concealed carry weapons after Meli made this one statement. â€Å"I’m not beating myself up cause I didn’t shoot him,† said Meli. â€Å"I know after he saw me, I think the last shot he fired was the one he used on himself.† A lot of people’s main opposition of concealed carry is open fire in public places. In this situation all the permit holder had to do was make sure the gunman connected sight with him and his gun and everything was over. Although the gunman took two lives not including his own, Meli saved many lives. This video not only aided my viewpoint of concealed carry but gave a good reason why it should be implemented. In many unheard cases, the gun is not even fired to protect the individual. . Meli made it evident not only tom himself and everyone that witnessed it in the mall but to all the citizens that concealed carry is extremely important for the safety of everyone. No shots have to be fired, no one has to pull a trigger, simply having it around and visible in the sight of crime saves lives. Overall this story strengthened my standpoint on concealed carry weapons. In an effort to find a position to convey the importance of the concealed carry law, I observed a website with several stories regarding crimes and the connection to carrying concealed weapons. A student was leaving a night class and assumed that it would be safer to park in a parking garage as opposed to the student parking on the other side of campus. As every security office was closed she did what she thought was necessary by surveying inside and around her vehicle before entering. In this process she noticed a man bent over in a corner. That same man grabbed her, held her at gunpoint and raped her. It is interesting that  at this specific university concealed carry is completely banned. Although, she had a concealed carry permit she was forced to leave her weapon at home. This is very important because this could and would have saved her from such trauma. After drafting a letter to the president of her university she was granted permission to carry her concealed weapon on campus with certain precautions but at what extent? It should not have to take someone being brutally raped, kidnapped or anything else for students to be allowed to protect themselves and others at all times. I found this article and video extremely helpful because a lot of times these things arte swept under the rug and not tended to. This may have happened to hundreds and thousands of people without it being brought to light. If a rapist can hold someone up at gun point why can’t that same person protect themselves with a gun? I will be using this in my research paper as a question to the readers of how fair they think this is. Concealed carry is very important and it is imperative that people know many lives can be saved by the passing of one simple law. In order to get a clearer understanding of how everyday civilians feel about the legalization of concealed weapons I chose to interview a fellow peer around the same age range as I am. With this interview I planned to discover what other people’s opinions on concealed weapons were. I hoped to receive opposite points of views to be able to link the research I’ve found to the opinions of my interviewees. Along with their view points on the subject I wanted to find out why they felt that way about the subject and if there was a certain incident or reason that led them to that belief. Certain questions I asked them included, â€Å"do you or any other person you live with own a gun, why or why not?† These questions, if chosen to be answered, will signify how some people feel rather safe with concealed weapons around them in case of an emergency or incident. I gave them the option beforehand to reject their right to answer the question in hopes that no one would be made uncomfortable with the interviewing process. I hoped that through my research, interviews, and surveys I would be able to bring together many facts as to persuade the readers that legalizing concealed weapons is the right thing to do at this time, not only for us as individuals but for the children, our families, and the surrounding communities’ safety. Below is an overview of the interview concluded with a fellow peer and me. Interviewer (I) Person Being Interviewed (P) I: First, I would like to thank you for taking the time to sit with me and speak with me. P: No problem, I’m glad to help any way I can however, I would like to keep my identity anonymous for this interview. I: That is completely understandable and I will be sure to keep your wishes. P: Thanks I: So let’s start with a little about yourself do you live with your parents or alone? Keep in mind at any time if you feel uncomfortable you can pass on any question. P: At this time I live alone just me and my dog *laughs* I: Great, so with that being said have you ever felt scared or nervous about your surroundings or simply living on your own in general? I know from personal experience I found that I get scared fast. P: In the beginning when I first moved in, of course, but after living alone for so long I kind of adapted to it I: I understand it just kind of becomes a part of you. Have you ever thought about or considered the concealed carry laws and how they affected you and everyone else? P: I really haven’t. I mean my parents never felt the need to bring it in our house to my knowledge so I never took it into major consideration, but I would not mind. Being a young female living alone I do sometimes feel rather vulnerable and maybe in someone’s eyes, a target. I: Would you support the cause if a bill was to be passed legalizing concealed weapons? With the passing of this law no matter where you went you would be able to protect yourself and maybe at some time protect others. P: I agree with it to an extent when it’s all done the right way. If classes don’t come with the gun permit then I may not be interested. It seems like they ask people to go out of their way to feel protected when this should be something we feel on a daily. Beyond a background check I don’t think the requirements for getting a gun should be so extensive. I: I’m glad you are so open about the subject. You’re insight and opinions help a great deal. Question, do you think that the more states that apply the concealed carry laws will reduce crime nationwide? P: To an extent I do but people are going to do what they want regardless. I look at it like this if there is a death  penalty intact and life in prison possible and people still do what they want, simply making guns legal to carry around won’t do that much. I: I, myself, have never thought of it in that light and I thank you for bringing that to the discussion. I believe I have all I need. Do you have any questions for me? P: No I don’t but thanks for including me. This interview attributed to my research a great deal for numerous reasons. Simply researching the subject one never truly gets the ideas and opinions of civilians who have not been victims to violent crimes. I plan to use this as a transition or connection between pro- and anti- legalizing concealed carry. Since I was not expecting to get as much out the interview that I did, I have a lot more to go off of for my paper. An everyday civilian’s point of view is very important to my research because often the only insight into this subject comes from people disagreeing or rejecting concealed weapons or someone who did not take the advantage of concealed weapons until after a traumatic incident occurred. For this interview, initially I was hoping to get an opinion from a person that was contradictory to my own beliefs and research but after completing the interview I realized that having someone agree with my point of view was that much more helpful. The person I interviewed preferred to remain anonymous wish I respect. Based on how the interview went and the amount of information I received my surveys will be rather similar. As in the interview I will give the person completing the survey the option of not answering the question so no one feels uncomfortable or refuses to do the survey. My questions will be general to find out how the ideas and opinions reflect the age range, ethnicity, and gender. Since the surveys will be done by SWIC students I expect to get a diverse opinion. Because I set a time limit on the interview I consequently asked less questions and the remainder of the questions I will incorporate on the survey just to get all the information that I desired. Referring to the interview there are many people male and female who may feel targeted by their surrounding communities. Based on the Constitution it is our natural born right to bear arms. In the interview she mentioned that the  fact that she was a young female living alone that she felt it may be necessary to obtain a handgun for safety and protection purposes. This leads me to believe that the majority of the population who agree and support the legalization of concealed weapons do so for the opportunity of self-defense from any criminal activity brought upon them. Although it goes unnoticed it seems as if some of the main people opposing concealed carry is politicians whom in an article I read, Double Standard, believe that in a sense only politicians should have the right to carry handguns. However, where does that leave the rest of the world? According to Patrick Krey, the author of Double Standard, in some states a law has been proposed to grant politicians and legislatures the right to own and carry concealed weapons wherever they please. As this is common with all the citizens, there was one issue. Politicians disliked the proposition because the restrictions for gun carry were too harsh. This made some feel that politicians possibly believed that their lives were more important than anyone else’s. Reporters took the story because it shined light on the reality that maybe the gun carry restrictions were too harsh and should be lightened for everyone as opposed to strictly politicians. Politicians were said to have been abiding by the quote in the book, â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell, â€Å"All animals are equal but some are more equal than others.† A number of individuals feel that it is a double standard on the legislature’s part because it is okay for the gun carry restrictions to be strict and harsh for the citizens just not for the politicians. Because taxpayers cannot exclude themselves from any law they please less cases were reported of the number of concealed carry permits done in 2007. As a result of this, in 2007 out of 37 million people only approximately 40,000 citizens were licensed to carry a gun. Essentially, this article suggests that it is unfair and politicians should be able to abide by the same laws that they expect their citizens to without any changes. After reading this article my opinions of the topic began to flourish. Based on the standpoint of the politicians my point is strengthened and even more that valid. Any life is not more important than another. I feel that if concealed carry laws that are in place are lightened that they should be lightened for everyone eligible because politicians are not the only people  who encounter dangerous situations. There are many cases that go unmentioned where a concealed weapon would have been more than useful in the case of self-defense. In all, I feel like you are being elected by your people and if you feel the need to protect yourself then the individuals who placed you in your position should have that same right. You can conclude from the context clues that this was written by someone outraged at the proposed idea. Although it may be biased it is a good point regarding the topic. However, based off the fact that the majority of the article seemed like opinion I would not use this a rticle as a credible source but as an extra opinion supporting my point of view. Because there was very few supporting facts regarding the opinion it made the article seem amateur, in which I feel the article could have been a little more detail oriented. Based on the many articles that I have read, I noticed that there were a number of people that oppose the legalization of concealed carry. However, the individuals who are for it have valid reasons and explanations as to why they do. In one specific article I read, The Accessibility of Guns Protects Lives, a man applied for a concealed weapon but the process was so tedious and drawn out that it took him forever to get a response. Nonetheless, when the country felt vulnerable and scared of the 9-1-1 attack the process began to move along quicker than ever before. In this article the author applies for a concealed carry permit a little before the 9-1-1 incident occurred. While waiting for the process to be complete 9-1-1 happened and including his over 5,000 concealed carry permits were handed out without fees. While carrying his firearm wherever he goes, he not only aims to protect himself and his family but also his fellow citizens who may not be capable of protecting themselves. There are many individuals against the concealed carry permits however, the platform used in those arguments are faulty and unrealistic. In reality, the permit holders have better safety records than the police force. The people who are opposed to concealed carry are simply misguided and misinformed. Overall, being able to access a gun protects lives. This is my favorite article that I have read so far. My opinion on concealed carry laws mostly coincides with the thoughts and ideas with this individual  about how people are simply misinformed. Clearly the individual is pro-legalizing concealed weapons and has a strong foundation on why he believes making gun permits more accessible will furthermore help protect the community as opposed to raising crimes and the number of accidental deaths. The confidence and details that he uses to support his claim are very persuasive and partially credible. I say partially credible because it seems as if the majority of the article is based on mere opinion and reasoning. He vaguely inputs statistics to support his point of view. However, with that being said the points that are being made are valid and do make a lot of sense. This article will be the main article I use defending my point of view. I will incorporate statistics from other articles with the thoughts and reasoning of this article to make a strong foundation and a clear viewpoint and argument. Statistical proof and evidence is, I feel, the most important part of defending why one choose pro- or anti- legalizing concealed weapons along with creating a solid case and foundation of one’s beliefs. In the article, The Untold Triumph of Concealed-Carry Permits, the author David Kopel did a splendid job of using numerical data to support his standpoint in which the article is deemed more credible. Beginning in the 1980’s the states that granted the concealed carry rights typically only allowed police officers, retired police officers and individuals with political affiliations to carry handguns. Throughout the years there have been many discussions as to how concealed carry permits are to be issued and the precautions taken beforehand. Gradually the main focused of this law has been geared and proposed by women. That being said approximately one fourth of the applicants for a gun permit are women. To support the idea of how effective concealed carry laws are there were studies and cases done and put together comparing the homicide rates to the states with concealed carry laws as to those same states when those laws were not intact. It was found that there was not a significant amount of change in rates except in the State of Florida. With this state being assumed to have a 36% chance of homicides an immediate and steady decline began after these laws were put in place. Also in similarity with Florida, California whom has many counties with concealed carry laws a study was also done. It was shown in this study that counties that issue permits liberally had lower violent-crime rates than counties with restrictive policies; restrictive counties had lower rates than counties with prohibitive policies. All in all, people would simply like to have the choice placed in their hands on whether or not they would like to carry a handgun or not. Although included was not the entirety of the things mentioned, the main points were. Individuals who oppose the concealed carry laws may not be aware of the statistics backing the subject. In predominantly every case study each time it seemed to be a decline in crime for states that obtained the concealed carry laws in action. Although each state did not have a dramatic decline in crime at some point each state had some decline. Based on the research I have done and looked into there is no record of a state increasing in crime after placing concealed carry laws intact. This article is a valid and credible source that I will use to back up my opinion with numbers as opposed to just my words. This gave me the idea of asking the participants of my survey how they feel legalizing concealed weapons declines or increases crime. There was a lot of detailed information, statistics, and reasoning as to why the writer felt the need to write this article and making clear that their viewpoint w as pro-legalizing concealed weapons. Everyone has different opinions on this topic. In the beginning I was skeptical of performing surveys and interviews because in some cases people tend to change their viewpoints or mindsets to fit what they think you want to hear. Surprisingly, as I looked through the surveys and compared it to the interview I did I found that overall the majority was rather honest and deep rooted in their thoughts and opinions. As well as the interview, with this survey, I planned to discover what other people’s opinions on concealed weapons are. I would hope to receive opposite points of views to be able to link the research I’ve found to the opinions of my interviewees. Along with their view points on the subject I will also be looking to find out why they felt that way about the subject and if there was a certain incident or  reason that led them to that belief. These questions if chosen to be answered will signify how some people feel rather safe with concealed weapons around them in case of an emergency or incident. I will give them the option beforehand to reject their right to answer the question in hopes that no one will be made uncomfortable with the interviewing process. Hopefully through my research, interviews, and surveys I will be able to bring together many facts as to persuade the readers of my final essay that legalizing concealed weapons is the right thing to do at this time now only for us as individuals but for the children, our families, and the surrounding communities’ safety. In the beginning I asked simple demographic questions to put in perspective the audience that these opinions were coming from. Because gun control is such an important factor in the world, I chose to survey individuals close to or equal to my age. I was able to collect a good amount of diverse data and different opinions on the topic. In order to get a broad spectrum of people I had my instructor distribute the surveys through a couple of her classes. Consequently, I was not able to receive the diversity that I desired but with everyone participating correctly I was able to get some type of variation. First, let’s look at the diversity between males and females within this survey process. From the pie chart above, one would be able to see that there was almost an equal split between males and females. However, females slightly overpowered the males in numbers. There were a total of 13 males which totaled to 41% while the females had 19 which resulted in a 59%. Overall gender wise I received what I was looking fair because I was able to collect almost an equal amount of participants from each gender group. This allows me to get a fair understanding of how the thought process on legalizing concealed weapons differs between the two groups. Another difference I was hoping to recognize is the ethnicity between the two groups and how diverse they were. For the survey I gave the choices of Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, Asian, or Other. These categories would cover a majority of the ethnicities present on campus. I assumed my  data would be very diverse, but I was mistaken when I found out that in between the two gender groups there were some ethnicities nonexistent which skewed my data a little. Although I was a bit discouraged I stepped back and took a look at how I did the surveys. Seeing that I only did a portion of my instructor’s classes as opposed to all of them I limited myself to a specific group and age range. In addition to that it could also be because I only did surveys within school grounds. If I was to go outside of school and do extracurricular research I believe my results as far as gender and ethnicity would be more diverse because I would have the option to choose which person I surveyed . As you can see in the above graphs there was a show that there were predominantly more Caucasian male and females in both gender groups while males took 69% and females took 68%. To my surprise there were absolutely no Hispanics and very little African Americans which only appeared in the female portion. Based on this information and how the answers between the genders matched with their ethnicities were presented there was a sort of resemblance between the two. Lastly, one other point I was interested in making notice of was the people who were for and against legalizing concealed weapons. Being pro-legalizing concealed weapons myself and doing the research as to why people felt a specific way about it was one thing that caught my interest. I wanted to see how many people agreed with the way I felt and the reasons why and vice versa. Putting this in my survey got me a number of great responses. I categorized the responses in which a group of the participants were for legalizing concealed weapons because they felt that it was important for one to be able to protect them as it is their natural born right. Others who opposed mentioned that legalizing concealed weapons would only put more guns in the streets and give people more ammunition to commit crimes, in a sense â€Å"adding fuel to the fire.† Below you will see a graph as to how the responses differed from gender and responses. As on can see the results are rather closely related. It is not surprising, however, that the females were the ones to most support the cause. Typically  it is the women who are most targeted in the world and who feel most vulnerable to the events of everyday life. One thing that did surprise me was that there were more females against it which was 8 out of 19. With the males totaling to 4 out of 13 against concealed carry, it is easy to assume each genders viewpoint. Throughout the open ended portion of the question, the majority of females who were for CCW were so because they felt they had the right to protect themselves in the midst of criminal activity. On the opposite register, when it came to being against CCW all the males who said they were against it were so because they felt that more guns would equal more crime no matter how much rules were placed intact. However, take notice that none of the people who were against concealed weapons gave concrete evidence and support as to why they believe what they believed. So the question is why would you be against it if you have no supporting evidence that it brings danger to our communities? In conclusion, after long and tedious research processes one will be able to notice why concealed carry weapons would help our communities. The main reason for legalizing concealed carry is for the protection of each individual and the civilians around them. As one of the main deterrents of crime one will be able to tell that through statistical evidence and many sources that the legalization of concealed weapons has declined the crime rates in the states that have enacted those laws. There is clear evidence from survivor stories to interviews and surveys that show the majority of people believe that concealed carry laws will protect the people and consequently save lives. My viewpoint of the legalization for concealed weapons has greatly increased and I am more for it than before. After weighing out the opinions as to why people do not support it there is no source that is credible enough to give solid numerical or demographical evidence. Think about it. If it meant protecting your family, your friends, and yourself in the face of crime would you like yourself or anyone around you to have the assistance of handguns provided by the concealed carry laws? Legalizing Concealed Weapons Survey Please circle answer (All answers are optional) 1. Gender Male Female 2. Age fewer than 18 18-22 22-30 30+ 3. Ethnicity Caucasian African American Hispanic Asian Other 4. Have you ever heard about the law legalizing concealed weapons? Yes No 5. Do you know anyone victim to a crime that could have possibly been prevented with concealed weapons? Yes No 6. If a forum was being held would you be for or against legalizing concealed weapons, why? 7. What do you think will happen to the crime rates as a result of legalizing concealed weapons (increase, decrease, stay the same and why)? 8. Do you feel that there is enough awareness and information about this subject? Yes No 9. How much do you think this law will affect you 1-10 (1 being none 10 being extremely)? 10. Would you yourself be interested in participating in this law/movement? Yes No Works Cited Huntwork, David M. â€Å"The Accessibility of Guns Protects Lives.† Guns and Crime. Ed. Christine Watkins. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Concealed Carry and the Right of Self-Defense.† ConstitutionClub.org. 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. Kopel, David. â€Å"The untold triumph of concealed-carry permits.† Policy Review 78 (1996): 9 . Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. Krey, Patrick. â€Å"Double standard.† The New American 18 Apr. 2011: 40. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.